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" Back River may refer to various watercourses: Australia * Back River (Tamworth), a tributary of the Barnard River in New South Wales * Back River (Cooma-Monaro), a tributary of the Tuross River in New South Wales * Back River (Victoria), a tributary of the Timbarra River in Victoria Canada * Back River (Nunavut) * Rivière des Prairies in Quebec, also known in English as Back River * Atlatzi River, British Columbia, formerly known as the Back River Jamaica * Back River (Jamaica) United States * Back River (Kennebec River), a river in coastal Maine, in the combined estuary of the Sheepscot and the Kennebec rivers * Back River (Sheepscot River), a short tidal channel in the town of Boothbay, Maine * Back River (Meduncook River), a short tributary of the Meduncook River in Friendship, Maine * Back River (Medomak River), river in Friendship, Maine, which empties into the estuary of the Medomak River. * Back River (Saint George River), a tributary of the Saint George River in Knox County, Maine * Back River (Maryland), a tidal estuary in Baltimore County, Maryland * Back River (Powwow River), a tributary of the Powwow River in New Hampshire and Massachusetts * Back River (Buzzards Bay), a small tidal estuary in Bourne, Massachusetts * Back River (Massachusetts Bay), which flows into Duxbury Bay * Back River (Merrimac, Massachusetts), a much smaller tributary of the Powwow River * Weymouth Back River, in Weymouth, Massachusetts * Back River (Berkeley County, South Carolina), a small tributary of the Cooper River (South Carolina) * Back River (Virginia), an estuarine inlet of the Chesapeake Bay between Hampton and Poquoson, Virginia * Back River, a secondary channel of the Savannah River, southeastern United States "
"Esophageal varices are extremely dilated sub-mucosal veins in the lower third of the esophagus. They are most often a consequence of portal hypertension, commonly due to cirrhosis; people with esophageal varices have a strong tendency to develop severe bleeding which left untreated can be fatal. Esophageal varices are typically diagnosed through an esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Pathogenesis banding, showing ulceration at the site of bandingleft The upper two thirds of the esophagus are drained via the esophageal veins, which carry deoxygenated blood from the esophagus to the azygos vein, which in turn drains directly into the superior vena cava. These veins have no part in the development of esophageal varices. The lower one third of the esophagus is drained into the superficial veins lining the esophageal mucosa, which drain into the left gastric vein, which in turn drains directly into the portal vein. These superficial veins (normally only approximately 1 mm in diameter) become distended up to 1–2 cm in diameter in association with portal hypertension. Normal portal pressure is approximately 9 mmHg compared to an inferior vena cava pressure of 2–6 mmHg. This creates a normal pressure gradient of 3–7 mmHg. If the portal pressure rises above 12 mmHg, this gradient rises to 7–10 mmHg. A gradient greater than 5 mmHg is considered portal hypertension. At gradients greater than 10 mmHg, blood flowing through the hepatic portal system is redirected from the liver into areas with lower venous pressures. This means that collateral circulation develops in the lower esophagus, abdominal wall, stomach, and rectum. The small blood vessels in these areas become distended, becoming more thin- walled, and appear as varicosities. In situations where portal pressures increase, such as with cirrhosis, there is dilation of veins in the anastomosis, leading to esophageal varices. Splenic vein thrombosis is a rare condition that causes esophageal varices without a raised portal pressure. Splenectomy can cure the variceal bleeding due to splenic vein thrombosis. Varices can also form in other areas of the body, including the stomach (gastric varices), duodenum (duodenal varices), and rectum (rectal varices). Treatment of these types of varices may differ. In some cases, schistosomiasis also leads to esophageal varices. Histology Axial CT showing esophageal varices in liver cirrhosis with portal hypertension Dilated submucosal veins are the most prominent histologic feature of esophageal varices. The expansion of the submucosa leads to elevation of the mucosa above the surrounding tissue, which is apparent during endoscopy and is a key diagnostic feature. Evidence of recent variceal hemorrhage includes necrosis and ulceration of the mucosa. Evidence of past variceal hemorrhage includes inflammation and venous thrombosis. Prevention X-ray of a person with dilated, snake like varicose veins in their esophagus secondary to pulmonary hypertension. In ideal circumstances, people with known varices should receive treatment to reduce their risk of bleeding. The non-selective β-blockers (e.g., propranolol, timolol or nadolol) and nitrates (e.g., isosorbide mononitrate (IMN) have been evaluated for secondary prophylaxis. Non-selective β-blockers (but not cardioselective β-blockers like atenolol) are preferred because they decrease both cardiac output by β1 blockade and splanchnic blood flow by blocking vasodilating β2 receptors at splanchnic vasculature. The effectiveness of this treatment has been shown by a number of different studies. However, non- selective β-blockers do not prevent the formation of esophageal varices. When medical contraindications to beta-blockers exist, such as significant reactive airway disease, then treatment with prophylactic endoscopic variceal ligation is often performed. Treatment In emergency situations, care is directed at stopping blood loss, maintaining plasma volume, correcting disorders in coagulation induced by cirrhosis, and appropriate use of antibiotics such as quinolones or ceftriaxone. Blood volume resuscitation should be done promptly and with caution. The goal should be hemodynamic stability and hemoglobin of over 8 g/dl. Resuscitation of all lost blood leads to increase in portal pressure leading to more bleeding. Volume resuscitation can also worsen ascites and increase portal pressure. (AASLD guidelines) Therapeutic endoscopy is considered the mainstay of urgent treatment. The two main therapeutic approaches are variceal ligation (banding) and sclerotherapy. In cases of refractory bleeding, balloon tamponade with a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube may be necessary, usually as a bridge to further endoscopy or treatment of the underlying cause of bleeding (ie: portal hypertension). Esophageal devascularization operations such as the Sugiura procedure can also be used to stop complicated bleeding. Methods of treating the portal hypertension include: transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), distal splenorenal shunt procedure, or liver transplantation. Nutritional supplementation is necessary if the person has been unable to eat for more than four days. Terlipressin and octreotide for one to five days have also been used. See also * Caput medusae * Esophagitis * Gastric varices * Mallory–Weiss syndrome * Portal hypertensive gastropathy References External links Esophagus disorders Diseases of veins, lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes Medical emergencies "
"Nagini may refer to: * Nāginī, the female counterpart of a Nāga, the king cobra, or a serpentine class of semi-divine deities found in Hindu religion * Nagini (Harry Potter), Voldemort's snake in the Harry Potter series See also * Naagin (2015 TV series), an Indian television series * Naga (disambiguation) * Nagaina, a spider genus of the family Salticidae (jumping spiders) * Nagaina, a character in Rudyard Kipling's Rikki-Tikki-Tavi * Nagin (disambiguation) * Nagina (disambiguation) "