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"The Venice International Film Festival is part of the Venice Biennale. The famous Golden Lion is awarded to the best film screening at the competition. Biennale (), Italian for "biennial" or "every other year", is any event that happens every two years. It is most commonly used within the art world to describe large-scale international contemporary art exhibitions. As such the term was popularised by Venice Biennale, which was first held in 1895. The phrase has since been used for other artistic events, such as the "Biennale de Paris", "Kochi-Muziris Biennale", or even as a portmanteau as with Berlinale (for the Berlin International Film Festival) and Viennale (for Vienna's international film festival). "Biennale" is therefore used as a general term for other recurrent international events (such as triennials, Documenta, Skulptur Projekte Münster). Characteristics According to author Federica Martini, what is at stake in contemporary biennales is the diplomatic/international relations potential as well as urban regeneration plans. Besides being mainly focused on the present (the “here and now” where the cultural event takes place and their effect of "spectacularisation of the everyday"), because of their site-specificity cultural events may refer back to, produce or frame the history of the site and communities' collective memory.Vittoria Martini e Federica Martini, Just another exhibition. Histories and politics of biennials, Postmedia Books, 2011 , . The Great Exhibition in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, in 1851, the first attempt to condense the representation of the world within a unitary exhibition space. A strong and influent symbol of biennales and of large-scale international exhibitions in general is the Crystal Palace, the gigantic and futuristic London architecture that hosted the Great Exhibition in 1851. According to philosopher Peter Sloterdijk,Im Weltinnenraum des Kapitals, 2005. the Crystal Palace is the first attempt to condense the representation of the world in a unitary exhibition space, where the main exhibit is society itself in an a-historical, spectacular condition. The Crystal Palace main motives were the affirmation of British economic and national leadership and the creation of moments of spectacle. In this respect, 19th century World fairs provided a visual crystallization of colonial culture and were, at the same time, forerunners of contemporary theme parks. The Venice Biennale as an archetype The structure of the Venice Biennale in 2005 with an international exhibition and the national pavilions. The Venice Biennale, a periodical large-scale cultural event founded in 1895, served as an archetype of the biennales. Meant to become a World Fair focused on contemporary art, the Venice Biennale used as a pretext the wedding anniversary of the Italian king and followed up to several national exhibitions organised after Italy unification in 1861. The Biennale immediately put forth issues of city marketing, cultural tourism and urban regeneration, as it was meant to reposition Venice on the international cultural map after the crisis due to the end of the Grand Tour model and the weakening of the Venetian school of painting. Furthermore, the Gardens where the Biennale takes place were an abandoned city area that needed to be re-functionalised. In cultural terms, the Biennale was meant to provide on a biennial basis a platform for discussing contemporary art practices that were not represented in fine arts museums at the time. The early Biennale model already included some key points that are still constitutive of large-scale international art exhibitions today: a mix of city marketing, internationalism, gentrification issues and destination culture, and the spectacular, large scale of the event. Biennials after the 1990s The situation of biennials has changed in the contemporary context: while at its origin in 1895 Venice was a unique cultural event, but since the 1990s hundreds of biennials have been organized across the globe. Given the ephemeral and irregular nature of some biennials, there is little consensus on the exact number of biennials in existence at any given time. Furthermore, while Venice was a unique agent in the presentation of contemporary art, since the 1960s several museums devoted to contemporary art are exhibiting the contemporary scene on a regular basis. Another point of difference concerns 19th century internationalism in the arts, that was brought into question by post-colonial debates and criticism of the contemporary art “ethnic marketing”, and also challenged the Venetian and World Fair’s national representation system. As a consequence of this, Eurocentric tendency to implode the whole word in an exhibition space, which characterises both the Crystal Palace and the Venice Biennale, is affected by the expansion of the artistic geographical map to scenes traditionally considered as marginal. The birth of the Havana Biennial in 1984 is widely considered an important counterpoint to the Venetian model for its prioritization of artists working in the Global South and curatorial rejection of the national pavilion model. International biennales In the term's most commonly used context of major recurrent art exhibitions: * Adelaide Biennial of Australian Art, South Australia * Asian Art Biennale, in Taichung, Taiwan (National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts) * Athens Biennale, in Athens, Greece * Bienal de Arte Paiz, in Guatemala City, Guatemala * Arts in Marrakech (AiM) International Biennale (Arts in Marrakech Festival) * Bamako Encounters, a biennale of photography in Mali * Bat-Yam International Biennale of Landscape Urbanism * Beijing Biennale * Berlin Biennale (contemporary art biennale, to be distinguished from Berlinale, which is a film festival) * Bi- City Biennale of Urbanism\Architecture, in Shenzhen and Hong Kong, China * Bienal de Arte de Ponce in Ponce, Puerto Rico * BiennaleOnline Online biennial exhibition of contemporary art from the most promising emerging artists. * Biennial of Hawaii Artists * Biennale de la Biche, the smallest biennale in the world held at deserted island near Guadeloupe, French overseas regionhttps://artreview.com/news/news_24_jan_2017_worlds_smallest_biennial_on_ilet_la_biche/ * , in Shiga, Japan * La Biennale de Montreal * Bucharest Biennale in Bucharest, Romania * Bushwick Biennial, in Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York * Canakkale Biennial, in Canakkale, Turkey * Cerveira International Art Biennial, Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal * Copenhagen Ultracontemporary Biennale, biennale in Copenhagen, Denmark * Dakar Biennale, also called Dak'Art, biennale in Dakar, Senegal * Estuaire (biennale), biennale in Nantes and Saint-Nazaire, France * EVA International, biennial in Limerick, Republic of Ireland * Göteborg International Biennial for Contemporary Art, in Gothenburg, Sweden * Greater Taipei Contemporary Art Biennial, in Taipei, Taiwan * Gwangju Biennale, Asia's first and most prestigious contemporary art biennale * Havana biennial, in Havana, Cuba * Herzliya Biennial For Contemporary Art, in Herzliya, Israel * Incheon Women Artists' Biennale, in Incheon, South Korea * Iowa Biennial, in Iowa, USA * Istanbul Biennial, in Istanbul, Turkey * International Roaming Biennial of Tehran, in Tehran and Istanbul * Jakarta Biennale in Jakarta, Indonesia www.jakartabiennale.net * Jerusalem Biennale in Jerusalem, Israel * Jogja Biennale, in Yogyakarta, Indonesia www.biennalejogja.org * Karachi Biennale, in Karachi, Pakistan * Keelung Harbor Biennale, in Keelung, Taiwan * Kochi-Muziris Biennale, largest art exhibition in India, in Kochi, Kerala, India * Kortrijk Design Biennale Interieur, in Kortrijk, Belgium * Kobe Biennale, in Japan kobe- biennale.jp/_en/ * Kuandu Biennale, in Taipei, Taiwan * Light Art Biennale Austria, in Austria * Liverpool Biennial, in Liverpool, UK * Manifesta, European Biennale of contemporary art in different European cities * Mediations Biennale, in Poznań, Poland * Melbourne International Biennial 1999 * Mediterranean Biennale in Sakhnin 2013 * MOMENTA Biennale de l'image (formerly known as ), in Montreal, Canada * , in Moss, Norway * Moscow Biennale, in Moscow, Russia * Munich Biennale, new opera and music-theatre in even-numbered years * Mykonos Biennale * Nakanojo Biennale * October Salon (), organised by the , in Belgrade, Serbia * OSTEN Biennial of Drawing Skopje, North Macedonia * Biennale de Paris * Riga International Biennial of Contemporary Art (RIBOCA), in Riga, Latvia *São Paulo Art Biennial, in São Paulo, Brazil * SCAPE Public Art Christchurch Biennial in Christchurch, New Zealand"Scape Public Art". Retrieved July 7, 2016. * Prospect New Orleans * Seoul Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism * Shanghai Biennale * Sharjah Biennale, in Sharjah, UAE * Singapore Biennale, held in various locations across the city-state island of Singapore * Screen City Biennial in Stavanger, Norway * Biennale of Sydney * Taipei Biennale, in Taipei, Taiwan * Taiwan Arts Biennale, in Taichung, Taiwan (National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts) * Taiwan Film Biennale, in Hammer Museum, Los Angeles, U.S.A. * Dream city, produced by ART Rue Association in Tunisia * Vancouver Biennale * Venice Biennale, in Venice, Italy, which includes: ** Venice Biennale of Contemporary Art ** Venice Biennale of Architecture ** Venice Film Festival * Vladivostok biennale of Visual Arts, in Vladivostok, Russia * Whitney Biennial, hosted by the Whitney Museum of American Art, in New York City, NY, USA * Web Biennial, produced with teams from Athens, Berlin and Istanbul. * WRO Biennale, in Wrocław, Poland * Music Biennale Zagreb * [SHIFT:ibpcpa] The International Biennale of Performance, Collaborative and Participatory Arts, Nomadic, International, Scotland, UK. See also * World's fair * Art exhibition * Art festival *Art biennials in Africa References Further reading Vittoria Martini e Federica Martini, Just another exhibition. Histories and politics of biennials, Postmedia Books, 2011 , * Federica Martini, Cultural event in Mobile A2K Methodology guide, 2002. External links * Biennial Foundation Visual arts exhibitions Art biennials "
"Rainer in 2015 Rainer in Arnulf Rainer - Sternsucher a 1994 film by Arnulf Rainer (born 8 December 1929) is an Austrian painter noted for his abstract informal art. Rainer was born in Baden, Austria. During his early years, Rainer was influenced by Surrealism. In 1950, he founded the Hundsgruppe (dog group) together with Ernst Fuchs, Arik Brauer, and Josef Mikl. After 1954, Rainer's style evolved towards Destruction of Forms, with blackenings, overpaintings, and maskings of illustrations and photographs dominating his later work. He was close to the Vienna Actionism, featuring body art and painting under the influence of drugs. He painted extensively on the subject of Hiroshima such as it relates to the nuclear bombing of the Japanese city and the inherent political and physical fallout. In 1978, he received the Grand Austrian State Prize. In the same year, and in 1980, he became the Austrian representative at the Venice Biennale. From 1981 to 1995, Rainer held a professorship at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna - the same place where he aborted his own studies after three days, unsatisfied. His works are shown in the Museum of Modern Art and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. As the culmination of the appraisal of his work, the Arnulf Rainer Museum opened in New York City in 1993. His works have also continuously been shown at the European Cultural Centre's palazzos in Venice during the Biennale since 2011. In the same year, he published the work Unfinished into Death () with the same organisation. References External links * Arnulf Rainer Museum, Baden * Arnulf Rainer at the Museum of Modern Art. MoMa - The Collection, New York * Arnulf Rainer at Galerie Lelong, Paris * Arnulf Rainer at the Galerie m Bochum, Bochum 1929 births Living people Modern painters 20th-century Austrian painters 20th-century male artists Austrian male painters 21st-century Austrian painters 21st-century male artists Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin People from Baden bei Wien Academy of Fine Arts Vienna faculty Theodor Körner Prize recipients Austrian male artists Austrian contemporary artists "
"Pip, PIP, Pips, PIPS, Pipp may refer to: Common meanings *The seed of some fruits, such as the orange or tangerine *Pip (counting), a small but easily countable item, such as the dots on dice or symbols on playing cards *Pip, colloquial name for the star(s) worn on military uniform as part of rank badge, as in the British Army officer rank insignia or with many Commonwealth police agencies. Art, media and entertainment *PiP Animation Services, a Canadian animation studio *"Pip" (South Park), a 2000 episode of South Park *Providence Initiative for Psychogeographic Studies, an art group *The Pip, the nickname of a clandestine radio station of Russian origin Finance and management *Percentage in point, a currency exchange rate fluctuation *Performance improvement plan, a management technique *Personal Independence Payment, a welfare benefit in the United Kingdom *Personal injury protection, a type of car insurance *Policy-ineffectiveness proposition, an economic theory People *Pip (nickname), a list of people with the nickname *Pip (musician) (born 1992), contestant on Season 2 of NBC's TV show The Voice *Pip Courtney, Australian journalist and television presenter *Pip Simmonds, New Zealand freestyle skier *Scroobius Pip (born 1981), alias of rapper David Meads *Wally Pipp (1893–1965), Major League Baseball first baseman best known for being replaced by Lou Gehrig *Josef Priller (1915–1961), German fighter ace nicknamed "Pips" * The Pips, the backup singers in the musical group Gladys Knight & the Pips Fictional characters *Pip (Great Expectations), Philip Pirrip from the Charles Dickens' novel Great Expectations *Pip Pirrup, a student at South Park Elementary in South Park *Pip, a Moby-Dick character *Peregrin Took, in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy The Lord of the Rings *Pip, a major character in The Railway Series of books *Pip, in the British newspaper strip cartoon Pip, Squeak and Wilfred *Pip (Chrono Cross) *Pip the Troll, a Marvel Comics character *Pip, in the Grailquest gamebook series *Pip Bernadotte, in the manga Hellsing *Pip, an Animaniacs character *Pip, in the Nickelodeon animated show Back at the Barnyard *Pip, a nickname of Chiana, in the Australian television series Farscape *Pip, in the film The Halloween Tree *Pip, a persona featured on the Tori Amos album American Doll Posse *Pips, a fictional fairy in the animated film FernGully: The Last Rainforest and its sequel *Pip, an animated chipmunk in the Disney live-action/animated film Enchanted *Pip, an otter in the television series Bear in the Big Blue House Places *Battle of the Pips, an incident in World War II *Palisades Interstate Parkway, highway in New York and New Jersey, United States *Pip Cliffs, Graham Land, Antarctica *Pipp Brook, a tributary of the River Mole in Surrey, England *IATA code for Pilot Point Airport, Pilot Point, Alaska, United States Schools *Pakistan Institute of Physics, a physics research institute of the University of Engineering and Technology of Pakistan Politics and government *Pakistan Institute for Parliamentary Services, a Pakistani government institution *Police information point, a kiosk run by British police *Peruvian Investigative Police, a plainclothes police unit *Puerto Rican Independence Party, a political party *Personal Independence Payment a British Social Security Benefit Science and technology *Greenwich Time Signal, popularly known as the pips *Predicted impact point, the location at which a projectile is expected to strike *Profile ignition pickup, a term in automotive technology *Proper indecomposable past set, a causal relation in a Lorentzian manifold *Picture-in-picture, in television Biology and medicine *Peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), in mechanical ventilation *Plasma membrane intrinsic protein, a class of plant aquaporins *Poly Implant Prothèse, a former French breast implants manufacturer *Polymerization induced phase separation *Prolactin-induced protein, a protein in humans *Proximal interphalangeal joints, interphalangeal joints of the hand *Pairwise-invasibility plot in evolutionary invasion analysis *Psychosis- intermittent hyponatremia-polydipsia (PIP) syndrome *Pug impression pad, an object used for the census of tigers Computing *Peripheral Interchange Program, a DEC and CP/M file transfer utility *Point in polygon, a concept in computational geometry *Policy Information Point, in eXtensible Access Control Markup Language *Private Internet Protocol *pip (package manager), a Python package installer *P.I.P.S. Is POSIX on Symbian, known as P.I.P.S. *Precision Time Protocol Industry Profile, an IEC 62439-3 standard See also *Phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, also known as PI(3)P *Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, also known as PI(4)P *Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate, also known as PI(5)P *The Pip-Boy, a wrist computer in the Fallout video games "