❤️ Inch 🌸

"Measuring tape with inches The inch (abbreviation: in or ″) is a unit of length in the (British) imperial and United States customary systems of measurement. It is equal to yard or of a foot. Derived from the Roman uncia ("twelfth"), the word inch is also sometimes used to translate similar units in other measurement systems, usually understood as deriving from the width of the human thumb. Standards for the exact length of an inch have varied in the past, but since the adoption of the international yard during the 1950s and 1960s, it has been based on the metric system and defined as exactly 25.4mm. Name The English word "inch" () was an early borrowing from Latin ' ("one- twelfth; Roman inch; Roman ounce") not present in other Germanic languages.. The vowel change from Latin to Old English (which became Modern English ) is known as umlaut. The consonant change from the Latin (spelled c) to English is palatalisation. Both were features of Old English phonology; see and for more information. "Inch" is cognate with "ounce" (), whose separate pronunciation and spelling reflect its reborrowing in Middle English from Anglo-Norman unce and ounce.. In many other European languages, the word for "inch" is the same as or derived from the word for "thumb", as a man's thumb is about an inch wide (and this was even sometimes used to define the inch). Examples include ; ("inch") and ' ("thumb"); ("thumb"); Danish and ("inch") ' ("thumb"); ; ; ; ; ("inch") and ' ("thumb"); ("duim"); ("thumb"); ("inch") and ' ("thumb"); and ("inch") and tumme ("thumb"). Usage The inch is a commonly used customary unit of length in the United States, lists 24,302 instances of inch(es) compared to 1548 instances of centimeter(s) and 1343 instances of millimeter(s). Canada, Canadian units (5) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II, and the symbols and abbreviations therefore are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6(1)(b)(ii). and the United Kingdom. It is also used in Japan for electronic parts, especially display screens. In most of continental Europe, the inch is also used informally as a measure for display screens. For the United Kingdom, guidance on public sector use states that, since 1 October 1995, without time limit, the inch (along with the foot) is to be used as a primary unit for road signs and related measurements of distance (with the possible exception of clearance heights and widths) and may continue to be used as a secondary or supplementary indication following a metric measurement for other purposes. Inches are commonly used to specify the diameter of vehicle wheel rims, and the corresponding inner diameter of tyres – the last number in a Car/Truck tire size such as 235/75 R16; the first two numbers give the width (normally expressed in millimetres for cars & Light trucks) and aspect ratio of the tyre (height 75% of width in this example), the R Designates a Radial Ply Construction. Wheel manufacturers commonly specify the wheel width in inches (typically 6.5, 7, 7.5, or 8 for 235/75 tire). The international standard symbol for inch is in (see ISO 31-1, Annex A) but traditionally the inch is denoted by a double prime, which is often approximated by double quotes, and the foot by a prime, which is often approximated by an apostrophe. For example, can be written as 3′ 2″. (This is akin to how the first and second "cuts" of the hour and degree are likewise indicated by prime and double prime symbols.) Subdivisions of an inch are typically written using dyadic fractions with odd number numerators; for example, would be written as ″ and not as 2.375″ nor as ″. However for engineering purposes fractions are commonly given to three or four places of decimals and have been for many years. Measuring tape calibrated in 32nds of an inch Equivalences 1 international inch is equal to: * 10,000 tenths * 1,000 thou or mil * 100 points or gries * 72 PostScript points * 10, 12, 16, or 40 lines * 6 computer picas * 3 barleycorns * 25.4 millimetres exactly (1 millimetre ≈ 0.03937008 inches.) * 0.999998 US Survey inches * or 0.33 palms * or 0.25 hands * or 0.0833 feet * or 0.0277 yards History Mid-19th century tool for converting between different standards of the inch The earliest known reference to the inch in England is from the Laws of Æthelberht dating to the early 7th century, surviving in a single manuscript, the Textus Roffensis from 1120. Paragraph LXVII sets out the fine for wounds of various depths: one inch, one shilling, two inches, two shillings, etc. An Anglo-Saxon unit of length was the barleycorn. After 1066, 1 inch was equal to 3 barleycorns, which continued to be its legal definition for several centuries, with the barleycorn being the base unit. One of the earliest such definitions is that of 1324, where the legal definition of the inch was set out in a statute of Edward II of England, defining it as "three grains of barley, dry and round, placed end to end, lengthwise". Similar definitions are recorded in both English and Welsh medieval law tracts. One, dating from the first half of the 10th century, is contained in the Laws of Hywel Dda which superseded those of Dyfnwal, an even earlier definition of the inch in Wales. Both definitions, as recorded in Ancient Laws and Institutes of Wales (vol i., pp. 184, 187, 189), are that "three lengths of a barleycorn is the inch". King David I of Scotland in his Assize of Weights and Measures (c. 1150) is said to have defined the Scottish inch as the width of an average man's thumb at the base of the nail, even including the requirement to calculate the average of a small, a medium, and a large man's measures. However, the oldest surviving manuscripts date from the early 14th century and appear to have been altered with the inclusion of newer material. In 1814, Charles Butler, a mathematics teacher at Cheam School, recorded the old legal definition of the inch to be "three grains of sound ripe barley being taken out the middle of the ear, well dried, and laid end to end in a row", and placed the barleycorn, not the inch, as the base unit of the English Long Measure system, from which all other units were derived. John Bouvier similarly recorded in his 1843 law dictionary that the barleycorn was the fundamental measure. Butler observed, however, that "[a]s the length of the barley-corn cannot be fixed, so the inch according to this method will be uncertain", noting that a standard inch measure was now [i.e. by 1843] kept in the Exchequer chamber, Guildhall, and that was the legal definition of the inch. This was a point also made by George Long in his 1842 Penny Cyclopædia, observing that standard measures had since surpassed the barleycorn definition of the inch, and that to recover the inch measure from its original definition, in the event that the standard measure were destroyed, would involve the measurement of large numbers of barleycorns and taking their average lengths. He noted that this process would not perfectly recover the standard, since it might introduce errors of anywhere between one hundredth and one tenth of an inch in the definition of a yard. Before the adoption of the international yard and pound, various definitions were in use. In the United Kingdom and most countries of the British Commonwealth, the inch was defined in terms of the Imperial Standard Yard. The United States adopted the conversion factor 1 metre = 39.37 inches by an act in 1866. In 1893, Mendenhall ordered the physical realization of the inch to be based on the international prototype metres numbers 21 and 27, which had been received from the CGPM, together with the previously adopted conversion factor. As a result of the definitions above, the U.S. inch was effectively defined as 25.4000508 mm (with a reference temperature of 68 degrees Fahrenheit) and the U.K. inch at 25.399977 mm (with a reference temperature of 62 degrees Fahrenheit). When Carl Edvard Johansson started manufacturing gauge blocks in inch sizes in 1912, Johnanson's compromise was to manufacture gauge blocks with a nominal size of 25.4mm, with a reference temperature of 20 degrees Celsius, accurate to within a few parts per million of both official definitions. Because Johannson's blocks were so popular, his blocks became the de facto standard for manufacturers internationally, with other manufacturers of gauge blocks following Johannson's definition by producing blocks designed to be equivalent to his. In 1930, the British Standards Institution adopted an inch of exactly 25.4 mm. The American Standards Association followed suit in 1933. By 1935, industry in 16 countries had adopted the "industrial inch" as it came to be known, effectively endorsing Johannson's pragmatic choice of conversion ratio. In 1946, the Commonwealth Science Congress recommended a yard of exactly 0.9144 metres for adoption throughout the British Commonwealth. This was adopted by Canada in 1951; the United States on 1 July 1959; Australia in 1961,Statutory Rule No. 142. effective 1 January 1964;Australian Government ComLaw Weights and Measures (National Standards) Regulations - C2004L00578 and the United Kingdom in 1963,Weights and Measures Act of 1963. effective on 1 January 1964. The new standards gave an inch of exactly 25.4 mm, 1.7 millionths of an inch longer than the old imperial inch and 2 millionths of an inch shorter than the old US inch. Related units=US Survey inches The United States retains the -metre definition for survey purposes, producing a 2 millionth part difference between standard and US survey inches.A. V. Astin & H. Arnold Karo, (1959), Refinement of values for the yard and the pound, Washington DC: National Bureau of Standards, republished on National Geodetic Survey web site and the Federal Register (Doc. 59-5442, Filed, 30 June 1959, 8:45 am) This is approximately inch per mile. In fact, 12.7 kilometres is exactly standard inches and exactly survey inches. This difference is significant when doing calculations in State Plane Coordinate Systems with coordinate values in the hundreds of thousands or millions of feet. In 2020, the U.S. NIST announced that the U.S. survey foot would become obsolescent on 1 January 2023 and be superseded by the International foot (also known as the foot) equal to 0.3048 meters exactly for all further applications. and by implication, the survey inch with it. Continental inches Before the adoption of the metric system, several European countries had customary units whose name translates into "inch". The French pouce measured roughly 27.0 mm, at least when applied to describe the calibre of artillery pieces. The Amsterdam foot (voet) consisted of 11 Amsterdam inches (duim). The Amsterdam foot is about 8% shorter than an English foot. Scottish inch The now obsolete Scottish inch (), of a Scottish foot, was about 1.0016 imperial inches (about ). See also * English units * Square inch, Cubic inch, and Metric inch * International yard and pound * Anthropic units * "Roman inch" (') and "French inch" (') * Pyramid inch * Digit and Line Notes References =CitationsBibliography Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland * Weights and Measures, by D. Richard Torrance, SAFHS, Edinburgh, 1996, (NB book focusses on Scottish weights and measures exclusively) Scottish National Dictionary and Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue Customary units of measurement in the United States Imperial units Units of length Obsolete Scottish units of measurement fy:Tomme (lingtemaat) "

❤️ Inn 🌸

"American Scenery—the Inn on the Roadside (1872) Inns are generally establishments or buildings where travelers can seek lodging, and usually, food and drink. Inns are typically located in the country or along a highway; before the advent of motorized transportation they also provided accommodation for horses. History The Tabard Inn, Southwark, London, around 1850 Facade of the Sultanhani caravanserai in Turkey Aerial view of Zein-o-din caravanserai near Yazd, Iran, one of a few circular caravanserai. Inns in Europe were possibly first established when the Romans built their system of Roman roads two millennia ago. Many inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travelers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places. Historically, inns in Europe provided not only food and lodging, but stabling and fodder for the travelers' horses, as well. Famous London examples of inns include The George and The Tabard. However, there is no longer a formal distinction between an inn and several other kinds of establishments: many pubs use the name "inn", either because they are long established and may have been formerly coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image. Inns were like bed and breakfasts, with a community dining room which was also used for town meetings or rented for wedding parties. The front, facing the road, was ornamental and welcoming for travelers. The back also usually had at least one livery barn for travelers to keep their horses. There were no lobbies as in modern inns; rather, the innkeeper would answer the door for each visitor and judge the people whom he decided to accommodate. Many inns were simply large houses that had extra rooms for renting. During the 19th century, the inn played a major role in the growing transportation system of England. Industry was on the rise, and people were traveling more in order to keep and maintain business. The English inn was considered an important part of English infrastructure, as it helped maintain a smooth flow of travel throughout the country. As modes of transport have evolved, tourist lodging has adapted to serve each generation of traveller. A stagecoach made frequent stops at roadside coaching inns for water, food, and horses. A passenger train stopped only at designated stations in the city centre, around which were built grand railway hotels. Motorcar traffic on old-style two-lane highways might have paused at any camp, cabin court, or motel along the way, while freeway traffic was restricted to access from designated off-ramps to side roads which quickly become crowded with hotel chain operators. The original functions of an inn are now usually split among separate establishments. For example, hotels, lodges and motels might provide the traditional functions of an inn but focus more on lodging customers than on other services; public houses (pubs) are primarily alcohol- serving establishments; and restaurants and taverns serve food and drink. (Hotels often contain restaurants serving full breakfasts and meals, thus providing all of the functions of traditional inns. Economy, limited service properties, however, lack a kitchen and bar, and therefore claim at most an included continental breakfast.) The lodging aspect of the word inn lives on in some hotel brand names, like Holiday Inn, and the Inns of Court in London were once accommodations for members of the legal profession. Some laws refer to lodging operators as innkeepers. Forms Other forms of inns exist throughout the world. Among them are the honjin and ryokan of Japan, caravanserai of Central Asia and the Middle East, and Jiuguan in ancient China. In Asia Minor, during the periods of rule by the Seljuq and Ottoman Turks, impressive structures functioning as inns () were built because inns were considered socially significant. These inns provided accommodations for people and either their vehicles or animals, and served as a resting place to those travelling on foot or by other means. These inns were built between towns if the distance between municipalities was too far for one day's travel. These structures, called caravansarais, were inns with large courtyards and ample supplies of water for drinking and other uses. They typically contained a café, in addition to supplies of food and fodder. After the caravans traveled a while they would take a break at these caravansarais, and often spend the night to rest the human travellers and their animals. Usage of the term The term "inn" historically characterized a rural hotel which provided lodging, food and refreshments, and accommodations for travelers' horses. To capitalize on this nostalgic image many typically lower end and middling modern motor hotel operators seek to distance themselves from similar motels by styling themselves "inns", regardless of services and accommodations provided. Examples are Comfort Inn, Days Inn, Holiday Inn, Knights Inn, and Premier Inn. The term "inn" is also retained in its historic use in many laws governing motels and hotels, often known as "innkeeper's acts",Innkeepers Act, RSA 2000, c I-2, Consolidated Statutes of Alberta; Innkeepers Act, RSNL 1990, c I-7, Consolidated Statutes of Newfoundland and Labrador; Innkeepers Act, RSO 1990, c I.7 Consolidated Statutes of Ontario or refer to hôteliers and motel operators as "innkeepers" in the body of the legislationHotel Keepers Act, RSBC 1996, c 206, Consolidated Statutes of British ColumbiaCivil Code of Québec, LRQ, c C-1991, Division III: Deposit with an Innkeeper These laws typically define the innkeepers' liability for valuables entrusted to them by clients and determine whether an innkeeper holds any lien against such goods. In some jurisdictions, an offence named as "defrauding an innkeeper" prohibits fraudulently obtaining "food, lodging, or other accommodation at any hotel, inn, boarding house, or eating house"; in this context, the term is often an anachronism as the majority of modern restaurants are free-standing and not attached to coaching inns or tourist lodging. GallerySee also *Bed and breakfast *Hostler, a groom who takes care of a traveler's horse *Youth hostel References Further reading *Burke, Thomas (1927) The Book of the Inn: being two hundred pictures of the English inn from the earliest times to the coming of the railway hotel; selected and edited by Thomas Burke. London: Constable *Burke, Thomas (1930) The English Inn. (English Heritage.) London: Herbert Jenkins **(1947) Revised. (The Country Books.) London: Herbert Jenkins *Everitt, Alan (1985) "The English Urban Inn", in his: Landscape and Community in England. London: Hambledon Press (The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (ed. David Hey), 1996, describes this as "the starting point for modern studies [of inns]"; Everitt described most of the previous literature on the topic as "a wretched farrago of romantic legends, facetious humour and irritating errors") *Douch, H. L. (1966) Old Cornish Inns and their place in the social history of the County. Truro: D. Bradford Barton *Monson- Fitzjohn, G. J. (1926) Quaint Signs of Olde Inns. London: Herbert Jenkins (reissued by Senate, London, 1994 ) *Richardson, A. E. (1934) The Old Inns of England. London: B. T. Batsford *Sherry, John (1972) The Laws of Innkeepers; for hotels, motels, restaurants and clubs. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press External links *Congleton's ancient Inn Signs *The Lost Pubs Project: Lost and closed pubs of the UK. Types of drinking establishment Hotel types "

❤️ Iota 🌸

"Iota (uppercase Ι, lowercase ι; ) is the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet. It was derived from the Phoenician letter Yodh.Victor Parker, A History of Greece, 1300 to 30 BC, (John Wiley & Sons, 2014), 67. Letters that arose from this letter include the Latin I and J, the Cyrillic І (І, і), Yi (Ї, ї), and Je (Ј, ј), and iotated letters (e.g. Yu (Ю, ю)). In the system of Greek numerals, iota has a value of 10. Iota represents the sound . In early forms of ancient Greek, it occurred in both long and short versions, but this distinction was lost in Koine Greek. Iota participated as the second element in falling diphthongs, with both long and short vowels as the first element. Where the first element was long, the iota was lost in pronunciation at an early date, and was written in polytonic orthography as iota subscript, in other words as a very small ι under the main vowel. Examples include ᾼ ᾳ ῌ ῃ ῼ ῳ. The former diphthongs became digraphs for simple vowels in Koine Greek.see Koine Greek phonology The word is used in a common English phrase, "not one iota", meaning "not the slightest amount", in reference to a phrase in the New Testament (Matthew 5:18): "until heaven and earth pass away, not an iota, not a dot, (King James Version: '[not] one jot or one tittle') will pass from the Law until all is accomplished". () This refers to iota, the smallest letter, or possibly Yodh, י, the smallest letter in the Hebrew alphabet. The word 'jot' (or iot) derives from iota. The German, Portuguese, and Spanish name for the letter J (Jot / jota) is derived from iota. Symbol * In some programming languages (e.g., A+, APL, C++, Go), iota (either as the lowercase symbol `⍳` or the identifier `iota`) is used to represent and generate an array of consecutive integers. For example, in APL `⍳4` gives `1 2 3 4`. * The lowercase iota symbol is sometimes used to write the imaginary unit, but more often Roman i or j is used. * In mathematics, the inclusion map of one space into another is sometimes denoted by the lowercase iota. * In logic, the lowercase iota denotes the definite descriptor. * The lowercase iota symbol has Unicode code point U+03B9 and the uppercase U+0399. Character encodings * Greek Iota / Ypogegrammeni * Coptic Iaude * Latin Iota * Cyrillic Iota * Technical Iota * Mathematical Iota These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style. References Greek letters Vowel letters "