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"A trust instrument (also sometimes called a deed of trust, where executed by way of deed) is an instrument in writing executed by a settlor used to constitute a trust. Trust instruments are generally only used in relation to an inter vivos trust; testamentary trusts are usually created under a will.Although not always. It is possible for the deceased to convey property to trustees upon death which perfects a trust. See also secret trusts. Formalities Although in most legal systems there are certain formalities associated with settling a trust, most legal systems impose few, if any, structures on the trust instrument itself. Historically, the concept of a trust is the intervention of the courts of equity to prevent a legal owner treating the property as beneficially his own; provided that state of affairs exists, a trust arises notwithstanding any lack of formality in relation to the form of the trust instrument. However, notwithstanding the flexible approach taken by the law, characteristically the legal profession has taken an extremely formalised approach to trust instruments. Not only are they invariably always executed under seal as a deed, but frequently the initial trust fund (usually a nominal amount), will actually be physically affixed to the trust instrument itself to prove that the initial trust property was transferred.The substantial trust fund is usually added later by a deed of addition. Some slightly unusual practices have arisen in relation to the drafting of trust instruments which, again, are rigidly adhered to by professionals in many common-law countries (although not the U.S.A.). For example, trust deeds will generally avoid all punctuation (including full stops) - to avoid confusion, all new sentences commence with a new, numbered, paragraph. Dates, including years, are conventionally spelled out in words rather than using figures. Part of the over-formalisation which attends the creation of trusts is justified by the significant tax implications which may follow if a trust were to be subsequently held to be void, as most professionally drafted trust instruments are prepared as a part of tax mitigation schemes. Most jurisdictions do not require trust instruments to be publicly filed (in contrast to wills). But in many jurisdictions they are subject to stamp duty. Provisions The provisions of a trust instrument will vary according to the type of trust, and the nature of the trust property. *A bare trust over a single asset will characteristically have very few provisions. *A discretionary trust over a mixed bag of investments will usually have far greater provisions regulation the exercise and management of the trust fund. *A trust which is set up as a unit trust will have additional specific provisions specific to the calculation of the NAV and acquisition and redemption of units. *Settled land act settlements have specific provisions relating to the underlying subject matter. *Trusts which are set up to protect vulnerable beneficiaries, such as blind trusts or spendthrift trusts will have specific provisions relating to the nature of the beneficiaries. However, in general, most trust instruments will have provisions which address the following aspects of the administration of the trust: #The name of the settlement and definitions and interpretation provisions #The legal nature of the trust (i.e. a trust for sale) #Powers to add and exclude beneficiaries #Trusts over property added to the trust fund #Power of appointment (i.e. distribution) #Trusts in default of appointment, and, sometimes, ultimate default trusts #General administrative powers of the trustees #Extended power of maintenance #Extended power of advancement #Usually, a trustee charging clause #Regulation of the appointment of new trustees #The proper law and forum and place of administration for the settlement #Often, an exclusion of settlor (and spouse) from benefiting from the trust (where required for tax reasons) #Usually, an indemnity for the trustees out of the trust fund Most trust instruments will then also have two schedules: #a schedule setting out the powers of the trustees (often in addition to any powers granted or implied by operation of law) #a summary of the initial trust fund (usually a nominal amount of money) See also *Asset-protection trust *Back-bond in Scotland *Blind trust *Express trust *Inter vivos trust *Offshore trust *Protective trust *Spendthrift trust *Testamentary trust *Unit trust Footnotes Equity (law) Property law Wills and trusts Legal terminology "
"FC La Chaux-de-Fonds is a Swiss football club based in La Chaux-de-Fonds. It was founded in 1894. They play at the Stade Charrière. History Chart of FC La Chaux-de-Fonds table positions in the Swiss football league system F.C. La Chaux-de-Fonds was founded on July 4, 1894, and won the Swiss first division in the seasons 1954, 1955, 1964. The team's most recent spell in the top division was 1986–87. The team also won the Swiss Cup in the years 1948, 1951, 1954, 1955, 1957 and 1961. In the 2006–07 season finished 10th in the Challenge League, the top scorer was Sid-Ahmed Bouziane with 15 goals. In the 2007–08 season finished 12th in the Challenge League, the top scorer was Bruno Valente with 16 goals. In the 2008–09 season they finished 12th but were not admitted to the Challenge League and were relegated to 2. Liga. Current squad Stadium Centre Sportif de la Charrière stadium FC La Chaux-de- Fonds's current stadium is the Centre Sportif de la Charrière, situated in La Chaux-de-Fonds. Honours *Swiss Championship: **Winners (3): 1953–54, 1954–55, 1963–64 **Runners-up (3): 1904–05, 1916–17, 1955–56 *Swiss Cup: **Winners (6): 1948, 1951, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1961 **Runners-up (1): 1964 *2. Liga Interregional Group 2: **Winners (1): 2014–15 Former players External links * Football clubs in Switzerland Association football clubs established in 1894 La Chaux-de- Fonds 1894 establishments in Switzerland "
"Several kelp laminae The lamina or blade in macroscopic algae like seaweed is a generally flattened structure that typically forms the principal bulk of the thallus. It is often developed into specialised organs such as flotation bladders and reproductive organs. The lamina is typically an expansion of the stipe which in term is attached to the substrate by the holdfast. Brown algae "