❤️ East India Company College 🐭

"The former East India Company College, now Haileybury and Imperial Service College The East India Company College, or East India College, was an educational establishment situated at Hailey, Hertfordshire, nineteen miles north of London, founded in 1806 to train "writers" (administrators) for the Honourable East India Company (HEIC). It provided general and vocational education for young gentlemen of sixteen to eighteen years old, who were nominated by the Company's directors to writerships in its overseas civil service. It closed in 1858. The college buildings survive and are now occupied by Haileybury and Imperial Service College. The college's counterpart for the training of officers for the company's Presidency armies was Addiscombe Military Seminary, Surrey. History Charles Grant, Chairman of the British East India Company and Member of Parliament, was closely involved in the foundation of the college. It was first located in Hertford Castle but it was evident that a purpose-built seat of learning would be more suitable and in October 1805 the company purchased an estate just outside Hertford Heath for the sum of £5,930 for this objective. The foundation stone of the new buildings were laid on 12 May 1806. The buildings cost the East India Company £92,000 at the time of their erection to the designs of the architect William Wilkins (who later designed the National Gallery in London). The grounds were landscaped by Humphry Repton, his most notable work here being the terraced area to the front of Wilkins' main range and ponds to the west of this. Repton submitted his final account for work undertaken here just eight days before a carriage accident which left him crippled. The new buildings were occupied by students in 1809.Danvers et al. 1894, p. 18. The East India Company had been incorporated in 1600 as a commercial entity. For two hundred years its administrators had been recruited, largely by patronage, to oversee commercial transactions in Asia. By 1800 they had become the de facto government for millions of people in those areas, but without much training for the role. The college was intended to address these shortcomings. In fifty years it trained over two thousand so-called "writers" to administer the Indian subcontinent. The curriculum was wide, detailed, and targeted to the career responsibilities. It included political economy, history, mathematics, natural philosophy, classics, law and humanity and philology. Languages included Arabic, Urdu (Hindustani), Bengali, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu and Persian. Among the tutors were some of the finest minds of the day, many from Oxford and Cambridge, with lavish annual salaries as much as £500. The college was customarily referred to as "Haileybury" in contemporary accounts, debates in the House of Lords and the House of Commons and by the administrators of the East India Company and the Colonial Civil Service. From 1839 the College had a journal known as the Haileybury Observer. The East India Company itself was seen as too powerful. There was pressure for meritocracy to replace recruitment by patronage. Graduates of universities in Great Britain should have the chance to serve in India, without needing to pass through the college. In 1855, Parliament passed an act "to relieve the East India Company from the obligation to maintain the College at Haileybury". King's College, London, hosted the first open competitive examinations for appointment to the Indian Civil Service. Closure and later use of buildings In the aftermath of the Indian Mutiny of 1857, and in anticipation of the winding-up of the affairs of the East India Company itself, the college was closed in January 1858. This left the puzzle of what to do with the imposing buildings. For a brief period, they became a military depot for troops destined for India, and during this interregnum the college's Master, Henry Melvill, and Registrar, the Reverend James William Lucas Heaviside, continued to live in their residences on the site and oversaw the maintenance of the buildings. In 1861, the estate was sold at public auction, when it was bought by the British Land Company for £15,000.Richard Rhodes James, The Road from Mandalay: A Journey in the Shadow of the East (2007), p. 191 A Hertford publisher, Stephen Austin, who had been the official printer to the East India Company’s College and had thus become one of the leading printers of books in various Oriental languages, led a campaign to ensure the buildings were returned to some sort of academic purpose, and in 1862 the site reopened as the public school Haileybury College. This was formally constituted by a royal charter dated 30 August 1864. During the Victorian era, the difference between the two periods of education on the site was referred to as "Old Haileybury" and "New Haileybury". In its early years, the new Haileybury College retained close links to those involved in colonial administration, and in 1942 it merged with the struggling Imperial Service College to become Haileybury and Imperial Service College. Administrators =Principals= The college had four principals: *1806–1815: Samuel Henley *1815–1837: Joseph Batten *1837–1843: Charles Webb Le Bas *1844–1858: Henry Melvill, afterwards Canon of St. Paul's =Deans= The position of dean was filled by one of the professors: *1813: William Dealtry, MA *1814–1838: Charles Webb Le Bas, MA *1838–1850: James Amiraux Jeremie (Professor of Classics) *1850–1857: W. E. Buckley =Registrars= The position of registrar was filled by one of the professors: *1813: William Dealtry *1814–1816: Bewick Bridge *1816–1830: Edward Lewton *1831–1834: Henry George Keene *1834–1837: James Michael *1838–1857: Fred Smith Professors =Languages= *Alexander Hamilton taught Sanskrit and Bengali (1806-18).Rosane Rocher, ‘Sanskrit for Civil Servants 1806-1818’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 122, 2002, p. 381-390. *Charles Stewart taught Hindustani (Urdu) and Persian (1806-). *Graves Chamney Haughton (1817–27) FRS previously of Fort William College, Calcutta, taught Hindustani, Persian, Arabic, Bengali and Sanskrit. *Francis Johnson taught Sanskrit, Bengali and Telugu (1824–55).ODNB article by Cecil Bendall, ‘Johnson, Francis (1795/6–1876)’, rev. Parvin Loloi, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 21 Sept 2007. *Mirza Muhammed Ibrahim, a Persian, held a permanent appointment as a professor of Arabic and Persian (1826–44) *Monier Monier-Williams taught Sanskrit, Bengali and Telugu (1844–58). *Edward Backhouse Eastwick was Professor of Hindustani, Hindi and Marathi (1845–57).ODNB article by Stanley Lane-Poole, ‘Eastwick, Edward Backhouse (1814–1883)’, rev. Parvin Loloi, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 20 Sept 2007. *Major J. W. J.Ouseley, Professor of Persian and Arabic (previously Professor of the Arabic and Persian Languages in the College of Fort-William, Calcutta) (1844–57)The Mulfuzāt Timūry (Autobiographical Memoirs) of the Moghul Emperor Timūr p 16 accessed 9 Oct 2007 =Law= *Edward Christian (1806–18) *James Mackintosh was Professor of Law and General Politics 1818-24. *William Empson,ODNB article by Joanne Shattock, ‘Empson, William (1791–1852)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 20 Sept 2007 was Professor of Law (1824–52). *John Farley Leith QC (1872–80), later Member of Parliament for Aberdeen =Political Economy= *Thomas Malthus taught from 1805-34. *Richard Jones was Professor of History and Political Economy (1834–55). *The Rt Hon Sir James Stephen also taught political economy (1855–57) =Mathematics and Natural Philosophy= *William Dealtry was Professor of Mathematics 1806-13.ODNB article by M. C. Curthoys, ‘Dealtry, William (1775–1847)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 20 Sept 2007. He had been Second Wrangler in 1796. *Bewick Bridge (1767–1833) was Professor of Mathematics 1806-16. *Charles Webb Le Bas (1813–37) *Charles Babbage applied unsuccessfully for a job in 1816. *Henry Walter (1816–30) *William Sturgeon lectured on science in 1824. *Frederick Smith (1831–50) of Peterhouse College, Cambridge *J. W. L. Heaviside (1838–57) previously of Trinity College, and then Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, where he graduated Second Wrangler and a Smith's Prize winner in 1830, and tutored until he moved to Haileybury. =Classical and General Literature= *Edward Lewton (1806–30) *Joseph Hallett Batten (1806–15) *James Amiraux Jeremie (also Dean) (1830–50), elected in 1850 Regius Professor of Divinity at Cambridge. *W.E.Buckley (1850–57) previously tutor and fellow at Brasenose College, Oxford and Professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford (1844–50), and a member and subsequently vice-president of the Roxburghe Club. =Other= *Henry George Keene, who served at the Battle of Seringapatam with the first Lord Harris (his uncle), and whose American wife, though she came of a New England family, was related to Lord Cornwallis. His son became a Fellow of the University of Calcutta and a prolific writer. Quoted in A Dictionary of Public Administration by Shriram Maheshwari. *Horace Hayman Wilson, Examiner in Sanskrit (1837–57) Assistants in the Oriental Department included Maulavi Abdal Aly (1809–12), Maulavi Mirza Khedel (1809–19), The Revd. Robert Anderson (1820–25), and David Shea (1826–36). Moonshy Ghoolam Hyder and Thomas Medland taught oriental writing. Notable alumni * Sir Edward Colebrooke, 4th Baronet * John Russell Colvin * Ashley Eden * Henry Bartle Frere * John Peter Grant * Sir John Lawrence * Charles Merivale * Monier Monier-Williams * John Muir (indologist) * Sir William Muir * Richard Paternoster * Charles Pelham Villiers * Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet * Charles Trevelyan * Charles John Wingfield * Allan Octavian Hume References Further reading External links * Death record of Joseph Batten * Persian Professor in Britain: Mirza Muhammed Ibrahim at the East India Company's College, 1826-1844 by Michael H. Fisher 1806 establishments in England Defunct schools in Hertfordshire British East India Company History of Hertfordshire Properties of the East India Company Educational institutions established in 1806 Educational institutions disestablished in 1858 1850s disestablishments in England "

❤️ Swedish nobility 🐭

"Alsnö Castle, where the first known ordinance of Swedish nobility was given in 1280 by King Magnus III The Swedish nobility () has historically been a legally and/or socially privileged class in Sweden, and part of the so-called frälse (a derivation from Old Swedish meaning free neck). The archaic term for nobility, frälse, also included the clergy, a classification defined by tax exemptions and representation in the diet (the Riksdag). Today the nobility does not maintain its former privileges although family names, titles and coats of arms are still protected. The Swedish nobility consists of both "introduced" and "unintroduced" nobility, where the latter has not been formally "introduced" at the House of Nobility (Riddarhuset). The House of Nobility still maintains a fee for male members over the age of 18 for upkeep on pertinent buildings in Stockholm. Belonging to the nobility in present-day Sweden may still carry some informal social privileges, and be of certain social and historical significance particularly among some groups. Sweden has, however, long been a modern democratic society and meritocratic practices are supposed to govern all appointments to state offices by law. No special privileges, in taxation or otherwise, are therefore given to any Swedish citizen based on family origins, the one exception being the Royal family and the position as head of state held by the monarch of Sweden. However, also this role is today, according to the instrument of government, ceremonial. In 1902 Sven Hedin became the last person to be ennobled in Sweden. From 1974 the monarch can not confer nobility. As of 2004 there were about 619 existing noble families in Sweden, with about 28,000 members. They are classified as counts (46 families), barons (124 families) and untitled nobility (449 families).Riddarhuset Until 2003 the nobility was regulated by a government statute, but in that year the statute was lifted so that governmental sanction and legal regulation of the nobility was discontinued. The House of Nobility is now a private institution, run as any private corporation under civil commercial law, and is owned by its members. Today, the only privilege of the nobility is the right to use a helm with an open visor in their coats of arms, this according to a 1762 royal act; commoners using open visors or "noblemen's shield" (Adelig Sköld) are subjected to a fine.Svenska heraldiska föreningen: Adelig sköld och hjälm When an association called Ofrälse och löske mäns samfund för bruk af öppne hjälmar (Commoners' and vagabonds' society for the use of open visors) petitioned the Swedish government for amnesty (Swedish: abolition) in regards to violations of the 1762 act, the petition was not tried nor granted. The Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden ruled, in 2013, that, since no one has the right to amnesty, the government's decision did not concern anyone's civil rights according to the European Convention on Human Rights, and could thus not be examined by the court.Skövde Nyheter: Vapensköld rättighet bara för adeln, 2013-05-31Supreme Administrative Court decision 2013-05-20, case no. 4346-12 Organization Swedish nobility is organized into three classes according to a scheme introduced in riddarhusordningen (Standing orders of the House of Knights) 1626 * the Class of Lords (), comprising counts (greve) and barons (friherre, baron), two titles introduced in 1561 by Erik XIV; * the Class of Knights (), untitled descendants of Swedish Privy Councillors and since 1778 the 300 oldest families in the Class of Esquire as well as the "commander families", who are of the descendants of commanders of Swedish royal orders; * the Class of Esquires (), other untitled nobles. The two last classes contains the so-called untitled nobility (). The division into classes has roots in the Middle Ages when the nobility frälse was divided into lords in the Privy Council, knights and esquires. Until 1719 the three classes voted separately, but in the Age of Liberty all classes were voting together with one vote for each family head (). This made the vast majority of the untitled nobility in power, for example officers and civil servants were represented. In 1778 Gustav III restored the classes and class voting and at the same time he reformed the Class of Knights. Originally this class only contained family descendants of Privy Councillors and was the smallest class of the three classes. But Gustav III also introduced in this class the 300 oldest families in the Class of Esquire and also the "commander families", who are of the descendants of commanders of the Order of the Northern Star and the Order of the Sword. No more commander families were introduced in the House of Knights after 1809, and thereafter also the class voting was abolished and the nobility was then voting as during the Age of Liberty. A Swedish duke (hertig) has almost always been of royal status and counted as such. An exception in medieval times was Benedict, Duke of Halland. Two men were also created princes (furstar) in the 18th century: Fredrik Vilhelm von Hessenstein and Vilhelm Putbus but neither were introduced. The House of Nobility (Riddarhuset) in Stockholm Following the elevation of a commoner into nobility by the Swedish monarch, the new nobleman had to seek introduction in order to be a fully recognised member of the House of Nobility (Riddarhuset), a term that also refers to its function as a chamber in the Riksdag of the Estates, the Swedish Parliament. In 1866 the Nobility was formally separated from government and incorporated as a separate institution, governed by statutes handed down by the monarch (from 1975: the government). This last link to the government and state was abolished in 2003. The Palace of the Nobility served as official representation for the nobility and was regulated by the Swedish government, but this regulation ceased completely in 2003, as have the privileges. The membership roster is published every three years. Medieval nobility: Frälse King Magnus III The institution of Swedish (and Finnish) nobility dates back to 1280, when it was stated by King Magnus III in the Decree of Alsnö that magnates who could afford to contribute a mounted soldier to the cavalry were to be exempted from tax - at least from ordinary taxes - just as the clergy already had been. The archaic Swedish term for nobility, frälse, also included the clergy with respect to their exemption from tax. Generally, the nobility grew from wealthier or more powerful members of the peasantry, those who were capable of assigning work or wealth to provide the requisite cavalrymen. The background for this was that the old system of a leiðangr fleet and a king constantly on travel through the realm (between the estates of Uppsala öd) had by this time become outmoded. The crown's court and castles were now to be financed through taxes on land. Soon it was agreed that the king should govern the realm in cooperation with a Privy Council (or Royal Council), in which the bishops and the most distinguished magnates (i.e. the most prominent contributors to the army) participated. When critical decisions were necessary, the whole frälse was summoned to the diets. Swedish nobility had no hereditary fiefs. In the case where a noble was granted a castle belonging to the crown, his heirs couldn't later claim their ancestors' civil or military rights. The lands of the magnates who constituted the medieval nobility were their own and not "on lease" from a feudal king. If they by their own means or exploitation of peasants built a castle and financed troops, then the castle was theirs, but the troops were expected to serve as a part of the army of the realm. In Sweden, there never existed outright serfdom. Hence, nobility was basically a class of well-off citizens, not owners of other human beings. In the Middle Ages and much of the modern age, nobles and other wealthy men were landowners, as well as lords of villeins and servants. Members of the nobility utilized their economic power and sometimes also other powers to have small-farm owners sell their lands to manor lords, so landowning centralized gradually more in the hands of the noble class. For extended periods, the commander of Viborg at the Novgorod/Russian front did, in practice, function as a margrave, keeping all the crown's income from the fief to use for the defense of the realm's eastern border. But despite heavy German influence during the medieval period, the elaborate German system with titles such as Lantgraf, Reichsgraf, Burggraf and Pfalzgraf was never applied in Sweden. Ancient nobility Swedish ancient nobility () is the term used for families whose de facto status as nobility was formalised by the Ordinance of Alsnö in 1280. These noble families have no original patents of nobility, the first known being from 1360.Nordisk Familjebok 1926 http://runeberg.org/nfcr/0604.html The somewhat loose cut-off date or rather rule of thumb for what constitutes ancient Swedish nobility is therefore set to during mid 14th century but no later than 1400. Some Swedish ancient families are still extant at the Swedish House of Nobility or the Finnish House of Nobility; some have been further elevated from Class of Esquires to Class of Knights or to titled nobility (count or baron). In 1778 all ancient noble families in the Class of Esquires were elevated to the Class of Knights. Some ancient noble families: * Aspenäs * Banér * Bese *Bielke (extant, Sweden's second oldest noble family) *Björn *Bååt *Bonde (extant) *Carpelan (extant) *Eka *Hiort af Ornäs (extant) *Hård af Segerstad (extant) *Jägerhorn af Spurila (extant) *Leijonhufvud (extant) *Lilliehöök (extant) *Natt och Dag (extant, Sweden's oldest noble family) *Oxenstierna (extant) *Porse *Posse (extant) *Ribbing (extant) *Rosenstråle *Sparre (extant) *Stenbock (extant) *Trolle (extant) *Örnsparre Nobility after 1561 Axel Oxenstierna secured all government appointments to be filled by nobles. At the coronation of Eric XIV in 1561, Swedish nobility became formally hereditary for the first time upon the creation of the higher titles of Count (greve) and Baron (friherre). The House of Knights was organized in 1626. The grounds for introduction into this chamber became either birth into an "ancient" noble family or ennoblement by the sovereign. Consequently, genealogy flourished. The Lord High Chancellor, Axel Oxenstierna, was the architect of the Instrument of Government of 1634, which laid the foundation of modern Sweden. It guaranteed that all government appointments were to be filled by candidates from the nobility, a move which helped mobilize support for, rather than opposition to, a centralized national government. Due to the many wars fought by Sweden, the crown needed some means of rewarding its officers, and since the royal coffers were not without end, ennoblement and grants of land were useful substitutes for cash payments. During the 17th century, the number of noble families grew by a factor of five. In less than a century, the nobility's share of Swedish land ownership rose from 16% to over 60%, which led to considerably lower tax revenue for the crown. The "Reduction" of 1655 and 1680, however, brought land back into the crown's possession. Historically all members of a noble family were generally titled. If the family was of the rank of a Count or a Baron, all members received that title as well. However, following the new Instrument of Government from 1809, a change was made more in line with the British system so that, for later nobility, only the head of the family would hold the title (if there is one). There are a few families where these systems overlap such that the vast majority are nobles pre-1809 without title, while the heads of the families have been elevated to count or baron after 1809. The vast majority of noble families are still of the old kind where all members are regarded as nobles. No hereditary title of nobility has been granted since 1902, when explorer Sven Hedin was ennobled by the King (that honor was hereditary, but he left no heirs). Since 1975 the Swedish monarch and government no longer have the right to ennoble or to confer knighthoods and orders on Swedes. Titles are still given to members of the Swedish royal house where princes and princesses are made non-hereditary dukes or duchesses of selected provinces, but these are honorary titles within that house, not titles of nobility. Unintroduced nobility Being "introduced" at the House of Nobility meant that the body confirmed the status of a family as Swedish nobility. Even when a family was ennobled by the Swedish monarch, it still had to seek introduction at the House of Nobility to achieve such status. Introduction, however, was not necessary for being considered noble, based on other factors (see list below), whereas only the introduced families had a legally privileged position. Unintroduced families still could use their titles, if they had any, and noble elements and styles in their coats of arms. There has never been legislation in Sweden preventing anyone from purporting to belong to nobility. The recognition of such noble status in society was of a social, not a legal, nature, as has all Swedish nobility become since it was separated from the government more recently. Sweden has had a significant number of unintroduced noble families (as of 2010 comprising 99 living families and around 450 individuals), several of which have been historically prominent. The families fall into four groups: #Foreign nobility, being families of foreign origin (particularly German/Baltic, but also other nationalities) which had noble status in a different country than Sweden, and which partially or wholly live in Sweden. This group is the largest. #Families of Swedish origin which were granted noble status and/or titles by a foreign country (for example, members of the royal House of Bernadotte have been granted Belgian and Luxembourgish princely and comital titles). #Families which have been ennobled by the Swedish monarch, but which have not been introduced at the House of Nobility. This group is small. #Armigerous families of foreign origin which have traditionally been included in the various directories of unintroduced nobility, but whose original noble status has not been proven. They are included in Swedish unintroduced nobility for traditional reasons, such as having been considered noble in Sweden for an extended period of time. This group is also small. Three successive almanach series of unintroduced nobility have been published; the first in 1886, the second in 1912, and the third in 1935; it came out most recently in 2010. An association of unintroduced nobility, Sveriges Ointroducerade Adels Förening, private club with no official standing, was founded in 1911. Several branches of the House of Bernadotte have chosen to become members of this association, as a result of members of the royal family being denied the use of Swedish titles upon marrying non-royals, but being granted foreign (Luxembourgish or Belgian) titles. Carl Johan Bernadotte was chairman of the association for many years. Titles of high nobility =Introduced= According to the Nordisk Familjebok: The first counts and barons, created in 1561 by Eric XIV: * Svante Sture of Hörningsholm, 1562 count of Vestervik and later also Stegeholm * Peder Joakimsson Brahe of Rydboholm, 1562 count of Visingsborg * Göstaff Johansson of Haga, 1562 count of Bogesund (originally Enköping) * Stenbock Gustaf Olofsson, baron of Torpa * Leijonhufvud Sten Eriksson, baron of Grevsnes * Grip Birger Nilsson, baron of Vines * Oxenstierna Gabriel Kristersson, baron of Mörby * Lars Fleming, baron of Arvasalo (in Finland) * Gera Karl Holgersson, baron of Björkvik * Gera Göran Holgersson, baron of Ållonö * Horn af Åminne Klas Kristersson, baron of Joensuu (in Finland) * Stenbock Erik Gustafsson, baron of Torpa (younger son of Gustaf Olofsson) John III granted the first baronial titles accompanied by territorial grants (earlier titles elevated the family's hereditary estate to comital or baronial status): * Öresten and Kronobäck to Erik Gustafsson of Torpa * Lundholm to Nils Göransson Gyllenstierna, new baron * Viikki (in Finland) to Klas Eriksson Fleming, new baron * Läckö to Hogenskild Bielke, new baron * Ekholmen to Pontus De la Gardie, new baron * Kungs-Lena to Olof Gustafsson Stenbock (elder son and heir of Gustaf Olofsson) * county of Raseborg (in Finland) to baron Sten Eriksson of Grevsnes' widow Countess Ebba Lilliehöök and heirs in 1571 Charles IX created only one: * barony of Nynäs (in Finland) to Abraham Leijonhufvud (he made Svante Bielke and Nils Bielke barons without grant of entailed lands) Gustav II Adolf granted: * county of Läckö to Jacob De la Gardie * county of Pärnu (in northern Livonia, now Estonia) to Franz Bernhard von Thurn (son of Jindřich Matyáš Thurn) * barony of Kimito (in Finland) to Axel Oxenstierna * barony of Bergkvara to Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm * barony of Tuutarhovi (in Ingria) to Johan Skytte * barony of Orreholm to Jakob Vilhelmsson Spens Christina granted: * county of Södermöre to Axel Oxenstierna * county of Vasaborg (in Finland) to Gustav Gustavsson, her illegitimate half- brother * county of Ortala to Lennart Torstenson * county of Kuressaare (later exchanged for Pärnu) to Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie * county of Sortavala (in Finland) to Johan Adam Banér * county of Björneborg (Pori) (in Finland) to Gustav Horn * county of Vestervik and Stegeholm to Hans Kristofer von Königsmark * county of Korsholm and Vasa (in Finland) to Gabriel Bengtsson Oxenstierna * county of Bogesund to Fredrik Stenbock * county of Salmi and Suistamo pogosta (in Finland) to Carl Gustaf Wrangel * county of Kruunupori (in Finland) to Ture Oxenstierna * county of Nyborg (in Finland) to Arvid Wittenberg * county of Karleborg (in Finland) to Klas Tott * county of Liljenborg to Axel Lillie * county of Mariestad to Lars Kagg * county of Skeninge to Robert Douglas * county of Skövde to Kristofer Karl von Schlippenbach * county of Enköping to Antonius von Steinberg * barony of Vibyholm to Gustav Gustavsson, her illegitimate half-brother * barony of Virestad to Lennart Torstensson * barony of Kronoberg to Peder Sparre * barony of Korppoo (in Finland) to Nils Bielke * barony of Härlunda to Seved Bååt * barony of Kajaani (in Finland) to Per Brahe * barony of Örneholma (in Finland) to Johan Adler-Salvius * barony of Liperi (in Finland) pogosta to Hermann Fleming * barony of Oulu (in Finland) to Erik Gyllenstierna * barony of Kitee (in Finland) pogosta to Axel Lillie * barony of Loimijoki (in Finland) to Arvid Wittenberg * barony of Limingo (in Finland) to Matias Soop * barony of Marienburg to Gustav Horn af Marienborg and certain of his relatives * barony of Vöyripori (in Finland) to Carl Gustaf Paijkull * barony of Tohmajärvi (in Finland) pogosta to Lars Kagg * barony of Kokkola (in Finland) to Gustav Banér * barony of Sund to Erik Ryning * barony of Laihia (in Finland) to Karl Bonde * barony of Pyhäjoki (in Finland) to Klas Hansson Bjelkenstjerna * barony of Iijoki (in Finland) to Åke Axelsson Tott * barony of Ikalapori (in Finland) to Schering Rosenhane * barony of Hailuoto (in Finland) to Bernt Taube * barony of Hedensund (then Arnäs) to Knut Posse * barony of Vinberg to Gustaf Adolf Leijonhudvud * barony of Lindeberg to Carl Gustav Wrangel and his brothers * barony of Lindeborg to Lorentz von der Linde * barony of Willenbruch and Harzefeld to Pierre Bidal * barony of Ludenhof (Luua, now in Palamuse Parish, Estonia) to Hans Wrangel * barony of Eksjö to Reinhold Liewen * barony of Elfkarleby to Mårten Leijonhufvud * barony of Gudhem to Lauri Cruus * baron of Skälby to Robert Douglas * barony of Koivisto (in Finland) to Hans Wachtmeister * barony of Lempäälä (in Finland) to Johan Kurck * barony of Wetter-Rosenthal to Adolf Friedrich Wetter, * barony of Närpes (in Finland) to Jakob and Anders Lilliehöök, * barony of Elimäki (in Finland) to Kasper and Karl Henrik Wrede af Elimä, * barony of Lais to Erik Fleming, Charles X Gustav granted: * county of Sölvesborg to Corfitz Ulfeldt ** (Lars Kagg, then Carl Gustav Wrangel, obtained the county of Sölvesborg in exchanges) * baron of Örneholma (in Finland) to P. Wuertz * barony of Kastell ladugården to Rutger von Ascheberg Charles XI granted: * county of Börringe to Gustav Carlsson, his illegitimate half-brother =Unintroduced= The following titled families of high nobility are included in Kalender öfver i Sverige lefvande ointroducerad adel (1886–1899), Sveriges ointroducerade adels kalender (1912–1944), and/or Kalender över Ointroducerad adels förening (1935–), which are directories of the living (at the time of publication) unintroduced noble families resident in Sweden. Five of these families have titles as Princes, Dukes or Marquis, the others as Counts and Barons. Most unintroduced noble families, however, are untitled, similar to the introduced families. Some of these families, or their titled branches, have since become extinct. ;Princes *Bernadotte (Belgian princely title awarded to Prince Carl Bernadotte) *Cantacuzino (Romanian princely family) ;Dukes *D'Otrante (Napoleonic nobility) ;Marquis *Joussineau de Tourdonnet (French nobility) *Lagergren (Papal/Italian nobility) ;Counts *Bernadotte of Wisborg (Luxembourgish title awarded to various members of the House of Bernadotte) *Crapon de Caprona *Fouché d'Otrante (Napoleonic nobility) *von der Groeben (German nobility) *von Hallwyl (Swiss nobility) *Joussineau de Tourdonnet (French nobility) *Lagergren (Papal/Italian nobility) *Landberg *Moltke (German/Danish nobility) *Moltke-Hvitfeldt (German/Danish nobility) *de Paus (Papal/Italian nobility) *von Platen zu Hallermund (German nobility) *Révay (Hungarian nobility) *Rewentlow (Danish/German nobility) *Stolberg (German nobility) *Tolstoy (Russian nobility) *von Trampe (German nobility) ;Barons *von Bonsdorff (Finnish nobility) *von Bredow (German nobility) *von Buddenbrock *von Buxhoeveden *Cronstedt *von Grothusen *von Gussich *von Leithner *von Mecklenburg *von der Osten-Sacken *von der Pahlen (Russian nobility) *von Rosen (Hoch-Rosen) *Rosenørn-Lehn (Danish nobility) *von Strauss *von Wangenheim *de Wendel (Portuguese nobility) Surnames Surnames in Sweden can be traced to the 15th century, when they were first used by the Gentry (Frälse), i.e., priests and nobles. The names of these were usually in Swedish, Latin, German or Greek. The adoption of Latin names was first used by the Catholic clergy in the 15th century. The given name was preceded by Herr (Sir), followed by a Latinized form of patronymic names. Starting from the time of the Reformation, the Latinized form of their birthplace (Laurentius Petri Gothus, from Östergötland) became a common naming practice for the clergy. Later merchants and other social groups discarded the formerly used family names (such as patronymic surnames) and adopted high-sounding Latin surnames. Another subsequent practice was the use of the Greek language with the ending of -ander, the Greek word for man. The use of surnames was still quite uncommon in the 17th century among the nobility and the educated class. Furthermore, the concept of hereditary surnames was also limited to a few families. When a family was ennobled, it was usually given a name—just as lordships of England and other Western European countries. This was a period which produced a myriad of two-word Swedish-language family names for the nobility (very favored prefixes were Adler-, "eagle"; Ehren- "ära", "honor"; Silfver-, "silver"; and Gyllen-, "golden"). The regular difference with Britain was that it became the new surname of the whole house, and the old surname was dropped altogether. Privileges The noble estates are not abolished in Sweden, but their privileged position has been weakened step by step since 1680. The nobility's political privileges were practically abolished by the reformation of the Riksdag of the Estates in 1866, and the last rights of precedence to certain governmental offices were removed in the 1920s. By then the last tax exemption privileges had also been abolished. However, some minor privileges remained until 2003, including the right to be beheaded by sword, when the law granting these noble privileges was completely abolished and the government no longer has the right to call the heads of families to be assembled in session. The prerogatives of nobility today are limited to protection of noble titles and certain elements and styles used in their coats of arms (this according to a 1762 act): a helm with an open visor, a coronet showing rank, a medallion and the use of supporters. Modern Swedish law makes no distinctions on the basis of nobility. = Crowns and coronets of rank = File:Royal crown of the King of Sweden.svg Royal (Kunglig) crown File:Grevlig krona.svg Comital (Grevlig) coronet File:Friherrlig krona.svg Baronial (Friherrlig) coronet File:Adlig krona.svg Noble (Adlig) coronet Exceptional cases Outside Sweden, Saint Bridget (1303-1373) became known as the Princess of Nericia,Furstinnan från/av Närke Eivor Martinus in Barndrottningen Filippa, pp 115, 164 & 167 which appears to have been a noble, rather than a royal title, since she was not the daughter of a king. Gallery File:Stein Sture II Regent of Sweden relief 2009 West Aros (crop).jpgSten Sture the Younger, statesman and regent of Sweden, during the era of the Kalmar Union. File:John Benson (Oxenstierna) Regent of Sweden seal 1879.jpgJöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna, archbishop of Uppsala (1448–1467) and regent of Sweden, under the Kalmar Union File:Margaret of Sweden (1536) effigy 2007.jpgMargaret Leijonhufvud, noblewoman, Queen Consort of Sweden (1536-1551) and mother of kings File:British School 16th century - A Young Lady Aged 21, Possibly Helena Snakenborg - Google Art Project.jpgHelena Snakenborg, noblewoman, Maid of Honour of Queen Elizabeth I of England, and Marchioness of Northampton File:Portrait of count Jacob de la Gardie - Nationalmuseum - 19206.tifCount Jacob De la Gardie, statesman and a soldier of the Swedish Empire. File:Georg Stiernhielm, 1598-1672.jpgGeorg Stiernhielm, civil servant, linguist and poet. File:Vendela Skytte.jpgVendela Skytte, salonist and writer, poet and Lady of Letters File:Erik Dahlbergh-1849.jpgErik Dahlbergh, engineer, soldier, and field marshal File:Uno von Troil.jpgUno von Troil, Archbishop of Uppsala File:Carl von Linné.jpgCarl von Linné, botanist, physician, and zoologist File:Porträtt föreställande Sophie Piper, målning av Carl Fredrik von Breda.jpgCountess Sophie Piper, Swedish noble and lady in waiting. File:Malla Silfverstolpe 1843.jpgMalla Silfverstolpe, writer and salon hostess. File:MagnusBrahe.jpgMagnus Brahe, statesman and soldier. File:Sofia Adlersparre self portrait.jpgSofia Adlersparre, painter File:Swedish Reichsmarschall Fredrik von Essen.jpgBaron Fredrik von Essen, Marshal of the Realm and landlord (Kavlås Castle) File:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld by Axel Jungstedt 1902.jpgBaron Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, botanist, geologist, mineralogist and arctic explorer File:Johan Krouthén - Porträtt av Verner von Heidenstam.jpgVerner von Heidenstam, poet and novelist, a laureate of the Nobel Prize in Literature File:Portrait of Hilma af Klint.jpgHilma af Klint, artist and mystic File:Evert Taube 1961.JPGEvert Taube, author, artist, composer and singer. See also * List of Swedish noble families * Naming law in Sweden * Finnish nobility * Danish nobility * Norwegian nobility * Swedish Royal Family References External links *The House of Nobility - Official site *Law on Privileges for the Nobility (1723) - at Wikisource (in Swedish) *Constitution for the House of Knights (1866) - at Wikisource (in Swedish) *A Who's Who of the Swedish Aristocracy "

❤️ Alinghi 🐭

"Alinghi is the syndicate set up by Ernesto Bertarelli, racing under the colors of the Société Nautique de Genève, to challenge for the America's Cup, as well as other competitions. Bertarelli had raced several smaller yachts named Alinghi previously, but 2003 was his first attempt at the America's Cup. Alinghi challenged for and won the 2003 America's Cup in Auckland New Zealand and successfully defended it at the 2007 America's Cup in Valencia, Spain. Alinghi lost the America's Cup to the Golden Gate Yacht Club and their team BMW Oracle Racing in a Deed of Gift match in Valencia, Spain in February 2010. For the 2003 event, Team New Zealand as the holder of the America's Cup, in consultation with Prada, the Challenger of Record, removed the nationality rule that stipulated that all of the crew members must be nationals of the challenging syndicate. Alinghi took full advantage of this rule change and hired many of the world's top America's Cup sailors particularly from New Zealand. New Zealanders saw the defection of key members of Team New Zealand to Alinghi as an act of disloyalty to their home countryunderstandable against a background of strong nationwide public support for Team New Zealand that they saw as representing their country rather than just representing the Royal New Zealand Yacht Squadron. After a series of discussions with Team New Zealand it was announced that they would compete in the Louis Vuitton Pacific Series in 2009. In July 2010, it appeared that the team was being disbanded and would not compete in future America's Cups. On 26 November 2010, Alinghi formally confirmed that it would not participate in the 2013 America's Cup. America's Cup = 2003 challenge = thumb Coinciding with the change in the nationality rules concerning the crew and in order to maximize the chances of success, Alinghi hired Russell Coutts, the successful skipper and helmsman of Team New Zealand. Coutts had already won the America's Cup for New Zealand in 1995 and successfully defended for New Zealand in 2000. Along with Coutts came several other important Kiwi sailors, including Team New Zealand tactician Brad Butterworth. Grant Simmer, another America's Cup veteran, joined as managing director and head of design. Bertarelli, the syndicate's president, served as navigator during the racing. Apart from New Zealand, the Alinghi team consisted of members from Germany, the United States, Canada, the Netherlands, France, Italy, Spain, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Portugal, Turkey, Ireland, the UK (from Scotland and Wales), Belgium, South Africa, Australia, Uruguay, Argentina, Denmark, Ecuador, and Switzerland. The Alinghi boats for the 2003 challenge, SUI-64 (the race boat) and the SUI-75, were developed specifically for the race by the Alinghi team in close collaboration with the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. Alinghi also had a test yacht from the 2000 America's cup, SUI-59 (formerly called Fast 2000). Alinghi raced to a 5-0 victory against Team New Zealand on 2 March 2003, winning the America's Cup. They guaranteed themselves a further stake in the history books by becoming the first team since the inaugural race in 1851 to return the Auld Mug to Europe and for being the first team to win the Cup on its first attempt. Alinghi's stated vision was "to win the America's Cup, while earning respect and recognition as a world class sports team as well as sharing our passion". Due to this victory, Team Alinghi received one of the highest honors in sport, the Olympic Cup in 2004. The Coupe Olympique is an award given annually by the International Olympic Committee. =2007 defense= The boats SUI 91 and SUI 100. Team Alinghi fired its Skipper Russell Coutts on 27 April 2004. Immediately prior to this, Alinghi (via America's Cup Management) changed the America's Cup Rules to prevent any team members from moving between teams until completion of the 2007 America's Cup. Alinghi, as the then current holders of the America's Cup, were fully entitled to change the rule. Nine months later the conflict was ended with a short statement. The sailing team was extended again and was led for the 2007 campaign by Brad Butterworth, Alinghi's tactician and vice-president. Butterworth was highly experienced in America's Cup racing having sailed aboard the winning boat in the three previous competitions. Butterworth's team had many world-class sailors including Peter Holmberg, Ed Baird, Juan Vila, Jordi Calafat, Warwick Fleury, Simon Daubney, and Murray Jones. Jochen Schümann, winner of four Olympic medals, was the sports director for the sailing team. Alinghi participated in all Louis Vuitton Acts, along with the 11 challengers from nine nations, before defending the America's Cup during the Match Race in June 2007. UBS, and BT Infonet renewed their commitment to the team as Main Partners for the next four years, along with Audemars Piguet, SGS, Nespresso, MSC Cruises, WISeKey and North Sails as co sponsors. Alinghi's first America's Cup defeat came on 24 June 2007 when they were defeated by Emirates Team New Zealand in the second race of the 2007 America's Cup off Valencia. After a series of close races between the seemingly closely matched competitors, Alinghi won their final race against Emirates Team New Zealand on 3 July 2007, defending the America's cup with Five wins to Team New Zealand's two. The official time given by the America's Cup website is one second winning margin for race 7. = 2010 defense = America's Cup Management announced on 5 July 2007 that the protocol for the 2010 America's Cup had been agreed between the defending yacht club, Société Nautique de Genève of Switzerland and Challenger of Record, the Club Náutico Español de Vela of Spain. However this arrangement did not survive a legal challenge from BMW Oracle Racing, who successfully argued that Club Náutico Español de Vela was not a valid Challenger of Record due to non-compliance with the terms of the America's Cup Deed of Gift. Swiss based companies WISeKey and Hublot were the two primary sponsors of Alinghi's 2010 defense. After extensive court action, Golden Gate Yacht Club (whose team is BMW Oracle Racing) was declared Challenger of Record and sailed against Alinghi in a Deed of Gift match in February 2010 at Valencia, Spain. The competing boats, Alinghi 5 and USA 17, were both 90-foot multihulls. USA 17s rigid wing sail provided a decisive advantage and Golden Gate Yacht Club won the 2010 America's Cup two races to none. D35 Trophy, Bol d'Or, Extreme Sailing Series, GC32 Racing Tour Alinghi has also competed in the D35 Trophy (winning it eight times), in the Bol d'Or (winning it seven times), in the Extreme Sailing Series (winning it four times), in the GC32 Racing Tour (winning it one time) and is GC32 World Champion in 2019. References External links *Alinghi official site *Alinghi official art site America's Cup challengers America's Cup defenders America's Cup teams Extreme Sailing Series teams International America's Cup Class UBS 2000 establishments in Switzerland "